This page is obviously very recent, with not very much content, for the time being
Dr Beth Keith: pacifier and pacifist writing
In the sermon, Beth Keith distances the church where she is the new Vicar, St Mark's Church, Sheffield, a 'progressive,' 'liberal' church from the blunders and indifference shown so widely in less enlightened parts of the Church of England. She'll find that the problems are much more complex than she imagined, with many repercussions for the beliefs she has. In the sermon, she appeals for money, but no amount of money will do anything to resolve the massive problems which the church faces. The unacknowledged problems, ignored by Beth Keith herself, are on the same scale as the acknowledged problems, arising from different causes but deeply implicating the most important of all the Christian leaders. I'm referring not to Archbishops (or Popes) but Jesus himself, and 'St' Paul.
When faced by a moral issue - or many practical issues - Christians are encouraged to think in these terms: what would Christ do in these cicumstances? What is th Christ-centred approach? It can easily be shown that this is deeply inadequate, that it fails catastrophically in the real world, as opposed to the Christian view of things.
Jesus will have witnessed many examples of abuse in the part of the Roman Empire where he was based. St Paul, who travelled much more widely in the Empire, will have witnessed many more. Neither Jesus nor St Paul refer to abuse at any time. This was something which was obviously unimportant to them, a matter of complete indifference.
In a ruthless state where barbaric punishments were commonplace and barbaric treatment of people was commonplace, it was the slaves who were generally treated the worst. The problem of abuse in this liberal democracy is bad enough, with many vile examples, but the problem of abuse must have been incomparably worse in all parts of the Roman empire.
Jesus and St Paul will have seen slaves flogged or with the wounds caused by flogging. They will have known about the torture of slaves, they will have witnessed the buying and selling of slaves in slave markets. They were silent about all these things.
From Quora:
'
What happened to children born to slaves in Rome? Often they would be killed. Their mother's owner might not want to pay for the cost of bringing up a child, or might not want the mother to be taken away from her work by the distraction of looking after an infant.The death of a child in these circumstances was legal if ordered by the paterfamilias, the male head of the family. In the case of slaves, that would be their owner (or their owner's family head).
The usual way to perform the deed would be expositio, or exposure. The baby would be abandoned somewhere out of town, or on a rubbish heap or in a gutter, and left to die of cold, hunger, or scavenging animals.
The sermon was preached on Sunday 24 November 2024. The title: ‘Christ the King, Safeguarding, and Stewardship.' Here, 'stewardship' is a polite way of asking 'Give us some money.' The sermon is abysmal, superficial, unredeemable (for once, without any reference to the barbaric theology of redemption.) The sermon is available at
https://www.stmarkssheffield.co.uk/Publisher/
File.aspx?id=365557
The Sermon is about the safeguarding crisis in the Church of England, it assumes, it claims that St Mark's Church is a place of safety and security, and it asks for donations of money to support this church, which is supposedly beyond criticism. This supposition is wildly inaccurate. I don't know of any cases of abuse at St Mark's but Dr Keith will soon be in charge of St Mary's Church in Sheffield.
On 15 January 2025 'The Revd Dr Beth Keith will be installed and inducted by the Bishop of Sheffield as Vicar of St Mark Broomhill and Broomhall, and licensed as Priest in Charge of St Mary Walkley and Oversight Minister in the Three Spires Mission Area.'
From the page 'Safeguarding' on the Website of St Mary's, 'The Church on the Road: inclusive, eucharistic, a safe place to be with God.'
In the past, admittedly the distant past, the church may not have been quite as safe as imagined. The page
https://stmaryswalkley.co.uk/safeguarding/
has this:
Michael Copeland
It was recently reported in the press that Mr Michael Copeland (aka Cope) has been sentenced to 16 years for sexual offences committed in Sheffield during the 1980s and 90s. He was known to attend churches within this Mission Area. [The Mission Area which Beth Keith will be responsible for.] We would urge anyone who is affected by this news to either contact their Parish Safeguarding Officer or the Diocesan Safeguarding Team. Mr Copeland left Sheffield around 2016.
One of the two Biblical texts included in the Sermon is this, Daniel 7: 9, 10. An arbitrary, a bewildering choice, with nothing whatsoever linking it with the subjects of the Sermon:
9. As I looked, thrones were placed, and the Ancient of Days took his seat; his clothing was white as snow, and the hair of his head like pure wool; his throne was fiery flames; its wheels were burning fire.
10. A stream of fire issued and came out from behind him; a thousand thousands served him, and ten thousand stood before him; the court sat in judgment, and the books were opened.
Beth Keith is the newly appointed vicar to St Mark's Church, Sheffield. St Mark's is a member of the group of churches in South Yorkshire and Derbyshire called 'Arise.' Rock Christian Centre is another member of 'Arise.' This is from the Website of Rock Christian Centre:'
'The fury of Almighty God against evil is evidence of His goodness. If He wasn’t angered, He wouldn’t be good. We cannot separate God’s goodness from His anger. Again, if God is good by nature, He must be unspeakably angry at wickedness.
'But His goodness is so great that His anger isn’t confined to the evils of rape and murder. Nothing is hidden from His pure and holy eyes. He is outraged by torture, terrorism, abortion, theft, lying, adultery, fornication, pedophilia, homosexuality, and blasphemy.'
' ... your knowledge of God’s Law should help you to see that you have a life-threatening dilemma: a huge problem of God’s wrath (His justifiable anger) against your personal sins. The just penalty for sin—breaking even one Law—is death, and eternity in Hell.'
Jesus never condemned torture, just as he never condemned slavery. There's condemnation of homosexuality to be found in 'St' Paul, but Jesus never mentions the subject. The claims made by Rock Christian Centre amount to a confused mess, as also claims made by St Mark's. St Mark's Church has some explaining to do.
Dr Beth Keith is described as a 'liberal theologian.' This is how she describes herself. She identifies with 'progressive' forces in the Church of England. In fact, in the past, she found no difficulty in working in a Church environment which was, and still is, very different. I know of no published writing of hers which documents her transition from one theological environment to another. But I take the view that the 'liberals' and the 'progressives' in the Church of England often share many of the beliefs and convictions of conservative evangelicals and other orthodox and ultra-orthodox groups.
For the sake of honesty and clarity, Beth Keith ought to be able to give simple answers to simple but challenging questions: Beth Keith, do you believe that only Christian believers - specifically, Christian believers who in some way have demonstrated a belief in Jesus as Saviour - are redeemed, that non-believers are unredeemed? I don't ask about your view of the destiny of the unredeemed, if you believe that their destiny is very different from the destiny of people who are redeemed. I don't ask if you believe in some form of Hell.
Beth Keith has worked for extended periods in Churches which really do have a belief in Hellfire for non-believers. She has worked for extended periods in a Church which has allowed abuse of members of the congregation: St Thomas Church, now known as STC. Clicking on the link gives information about these cases of abuse. Beth Keith can't have been associated with STC at the time that the abuse associated with the 'Nine O' Clock Service' occurred - this abuse was much earlier - but I presume that she heard about it and knew about it.
She also worked for the Research Department of the Church Army. There are no documented cases of abuse associated with the Church Army at all, to the best of my knowledge. The material on the page Church integrity gives my very critical view of the Church Army, in particular the Research Department.
This is an extract from the page
https://www.allsaintsecclesall.org.uk/blog-list/2018/9/10/meet-our-new-associate-vicar
I am absolutely delighted to share the news that the Revd Beth Keith
currently pioneer curate at Sheffield Cathedral has accepted my
invitation to join the All Saints staff team as Associate
Vicar. Beth is married to Laurence and they have two children. Beth
trained for the ordained ministry at Cranmer Hall in Durham
including research on vocation and ministry. Prior to studying in
Durham Beth and Laurence lived in Sheffield for over 15 years and
were variously linked with St Thomas Crookes and Church Army.
To explain the use of 'pacifier' here: pacifier is the North American term for what we call a baby's dummy. In my critique, I'll ask if Beth Keith's writing is perhaps closer to baby food than to work with an adequate basis in adult values. I'll give, of course, explanatory and exploratory extracts. Is Dr Keith's writing work of substance or is it more a matter of soothing sounds? Is it satisfying or superficial? Is it wide-ranging in content, or severely limited in scope? Does the writing of Beth Keith ignore and neglect far too much of human experience or is it comprehensive and satisfying?
On the Home Page of the site, I state that there's 'extensive criticism of Christian beliefs without assuming that non-Christians and anti-Christians have a monopoly of good sense, without assuming that they are incapable of stupidity (and worse, much worse).'
The site includes critical material on some anti-Christians. I share their opposition to Christian belief, but anti-Christians may use arguments and evidence I don't support, or I may accept most of their anti-Christian views but reject other views they hold.
My page Nietzsche: the case against is very critical but not a comprehensive treatment. My page Heaney-Harvard has material on Harvard University in the second column of the page. This is an extract, explaining a photograph of Professor P Z Myers (who's at the University of Minnesota, rather than Harvard.)
'Professor Myers in action at Skepticon 7 in 2014. At Skepticon events, guest speakers are expound topics which include Christianity science, education and activism. The events are sponsored by American Atheists and the American Humanism Association. I appreciate very much what Professor Myers has achieved in combating Christian views, for reasons I give in detail in so many pages of the site. I loathe some of his other views, particularly his views on Israeli-Palestinian relations. Here, he writes as a dilettante. By profession, he's a biologist and he can be relied upon to observe professional standards. In his criticisms of Israel, he's simply ignorant, and I can easily show that he's ignorant, stupid, ridiculous ... '
There are many, many Christians who share my support for Israel, my criticism of the Palestinian cause. My page on Israel gives my reasons in quite some detail, but there are other pages as well, including the sections on other pages concerned with the Sheffield Pro-Palestinian encampment and the Oxford Pro-Palestinian encampment.
St Mark's Church, Sheffield is a church where the pro-Palestinian position is prevalent or common, or more common than in most Churches. This issue gives me a further reason to oppose St Mark's Church - and I intend to go on pointing out the Church's inadequacies, as I see them.
The inadequacies include far too much support, in general, for various 'Woke' views. To me, St Mark's Church combines the stupidity of Christianity with the very different stupidity of Woke views, but again, my perspective is a complex one. On the Home Page, I also state that there's 'criticism of people who oppose 'woke' views as well as criticism of woke views' as well as 'evidence of 'conservative' views, but with significan reservations. To many conservative media outlets take a very supportive view of Christian belief, but not the Christian belief of 'Woke' Christians.
In the case of most of the Churches I write about, the criticism can be more restricted than in the case of St Mark's and similar churches - I need only write about their doctrinal ignorance, which often goes with ignorance in matters of society and politics, but without the distinctive and wide-ranging woke ignorance to be found at St Mark's.
This is Beth Keith in action - sound only - at the epicentre of the barely discernible parochial earthquake that is Sheffield Anglicanism: Sheffield Cathedral.
What is this piece - 26th August 2018 - about?
We're told what to expect in the description:
'Water pistols, pacifism, love and poetry...
Revd Dr Beth Keith reflects on the ways the message of Christ challenges culture and challenges us to act differently.
The focus of the piece is minuscule. To imagine that it does anything as vast - as impossible as 'challenge culture' is laughable. And the message of Christ challenges us to act differently in the sense that it encourages its students to act in ways that are counter-intuitive, counter to elementary common sense, in opposition to reality. But these challenges aren't explored at all in the piece. The claim as it stands is simply false.
The first part is mainly a set of family memories centred upon pacifism. The second is a kind of poem, but far, far closer to prose than poetry. In fact, a so-called poem which isn't a poem at all. There are many of them about.
The section on pacifism is infantile in its level of argument. The fact that her father was a pacifist should have been simply the starting point. Personal experience is often valuable but personal experience often misleads, leading to false generalizations, a distorted perspective.
The fact that her father forbade his children to use anything that resembled a weapon should have been examined, but it was impossible to have an adequate discussion of pacifism on such a slender basis.
The literature of pacifism and anti-pacifism is vast, the literature of war is vast - genocide, war crimes, the vital concepts - of course, far more than simply concepts - which are neglected in 'discussions' of Palestinian issues and Gaza.
I oppose pacifism, for reasons I give in different places on the site. My page on Israel contains some of this material. My page on ethics outlines some of the ethical principles and ethical reasoning which underlies this and other ethical issues. It wouldn't be realistic to give a similarly detailed treatment of the issues here.
Above, after the bombs had fallen and the bombers had left. Scenes from the Sheffield Blitz, which took place on the night of 12 and 15 December, 1940.
There was no Holocaust in Great Britain during the Second Word War, no Einsatzgruppen shooting countless civilians. Some of the scenes from those times and places are shown in my page on Israel. If Britain had shown no resistance to the German invasion plans, Britain would have been invaded by the Nazis and the result would have been killings on a gigantic scale. Only armed resistance to Germany stood a chance of being effective. The eventual victory was won not by British armed forces, acting single-handedly, of course, but by the combined allied effort, but if Britain had not stood alone and continued the fight, the path to victor would have been a much longer one.
In the second part of Beth Keith's broadcast, approximately, she reads out a poem, one of her own, it seems. It's not a poem by any respectable standards and not even 'prose poetry.' It's unrhythmical, unmemorable writing, lacking in any individuality. There are many, many Youtube videos giving records of Evangelical church services where the local youth play the music to accompany the trite words. The music has no obvious musical value at all - lazy-minded, tuneless, just about emotionless, empty phrases.
Beth Keith's writing in the secend part of the talk isn't quite so bad but it's desperately poor. I challenge anyone who listens to it to be able to say what it was about after an interval of a few days.
Above, John Perumbalath, Bishop of Liverpool
'John Bultmann and Salvation Today: Some Reflections on the Christian Doctrine of Salvation' an article by John Perumbalath. It's available on the page
https://biblicalstudies.gospelstudies.org.uk/pdf/
ijt/37-1_082.pdf
After some preliminary comments, I give extracts from a work by the German theologian Rudolf Bultmann, in the original German and in English translation.
The article is superficial, misleading, 'standard stuff.' The standard is far higher than the meretricious trash which passes for 'teaching' or 'analysis' in conservative evangelical circles, and circles well beyond. In fact, the circles intersect. There are many, many 'liberal' and 'progressive' versions of Christianity which accept so many of the assumptions of the orthodox Christian world view revealed in all its stupidity by Rudolf Bultmann (who is himself a deeply compromised thinker.' There are many 'liberal' and 'progressive' accounts of redemption which have not left behind the conservative evangelical accounts. John Perumbalath's account is in the same category.
I've provided in many places in my pages on Christian belief reasons why Christian doctrines of redemption can't be taken seriously, why they are deeply disturbing - or disturbing and shallow. For this reason, I don't give specific criticism of John Perumbalath's confused account of redemption. I focus attention on one aspect only, and that is his mention, amounting to not much more than a mere mention, of some of the views of Rudolf Bultmann. Here, his distortion by omission reaches ridiculous levels.
The brief extracts from one of Rudolf Bultmann's works below are sufficient to show that Bultmann's approach is a radical one, far more radical than the the superficial approach of most liberal and progressive Church of England writers, or ones known to me. The extracts are in the original German, followed by a translation.
These extracts are from Rudolf Bultmann's 'Neues Testament und Mythologie,' 1941. The date is very significant, of course. This was probably the year that the Nazi regime took the decision to kill all the Jews in the vast area of Europe which they had under their control. Rudolf Bultmann lived in Germany throughout the Nazi era. His record was much better than the average - the record of most German Church members was much worse - but it was inadequate. The heroic resisters of the regime very often didn't survive. They were guillotined or hanged.
A. Das Problem
1. Das mythische
Weltbild und das mythische Heils-
geschehen im Neuen Testament
Das Weltbild des Neuen Testaments ist ein mythisches. Die Welt gilt als in drei Stockwerke gegliedert. In der Mitte befindet sich die Erde, über ihr der Himmel, unter ihr die Unterwelt. Der Himmel ist die Wohnung Gottes und der himmlischen Gestalten, der Engel; die Unterwelt ist die Hölle, der Ort der Qual. Aber auch die Erde ist nicht nur die Stätte des natürlich-alltäglichen Geschehens, der Vorsorge und Arbeit, die mit Ordnung und Regel rechnet; sondern sie ist auch der Schauplatz des Wirkens übernatürlicher Mächte, Gottes und seiner Engel, des Satans und seiner Dämonen. In das natürliche Geschehen und in das Denken, Wollen und Handeln des Menschen greifen die übernatürlichen Mächte ein; Wunder sind nichts Seltenes. Der Mensch ist seiner selbst nicht mächtig; Dämonen können ihn besitzen; der Satan kann ihm böse Gedanken eingeben; aber auch Gott kann sein Denken und Wollen lenken, kann ihn himmlische Gesichte schauen lassen, ihn sein befehlendes oder tröstendes Wort hören lassen, kann ihm die übernatürliche Kraft seines Geistes schenken. Die Geschichte läuft nicht ihren stetigen, gesetzmäßigen Gang, sondern erhält ihre Bewegung und Richtung durch die übernatürlichen Mächte. Dieser Äon steht unter der Macht des Satans, der Sünde und des Todes (die eben als „Mächte“ gelten); er eilt seinem Ende zu, und zwar seinem baldigen Ende, das sich in einer kosmischen Katastrophe vollziehen wird; es stehen nahe bevor die „Wehen“ der Endzeit, das Kommen des himmlischen Richters, die Auferstehung der Toten, das Gericht zum Heil oder zum Verderben.
A. The problem
1. The
mythical worldview and the mythical salvation
event in
the New Testament
The world view of the New Testament is a mythical one. The world is divided into three levels. In the middle is the earth, above it is heaven, below it is the underworld. Heaven is the dwelling place of God and the heavenly figures, the angels; the underworld is hell, the place of torment. But the earth is not only the place of natural, everyday events, of provision and work that is subject to order and rule; it is also the scene of the work of supernatural powers, God and his angels, Satan and his demons. Supernatural powers intervene in natural events and in the thoughts, desires and actions of man; miracles are not uncommon. Man is not in control of himself; demons can possess him; Satan can put evil thoughts into his head; but God can also control his thoughts and desires, can let him see heavenly visions, let him hear his commanding or comforting word, can give him the supernatural power of his spirit. History does not follow its steady, lawful course, but is given its movement and direction by supernatural powers. This aeon is under the power of Satan, sin and death (which are considered "powers"); it is hastening towards its end, and indeed its imminent end, which will take place in a cosmic catastrophe; the "birth pangs" of the end times, the coming of the heavenly judge, the resurrection of the dead, the judgment for salvation or destruction are imminent.
2. Die Unmöglichkeit
der Repristinierung
des mythischen Weltbildes
Das alles ist mythologische Rede, und die einzelnen Motive lassen sich leicht auf die zeitgeschichtliche Mythologie der jüdischen Apokalyptik und des gnostischen Erlösungsmythos zurückführen. Sofern es nun mythologische Rede ist, ist es für den Menschen von heute unglaubhaft, weil für ihn das mythische Weltbild vergangen ist. Die heutige christliche Verkündigung steht also vor der Frage, ob sie, wenn sie vom Menschen Glauben fordert, ihm zumutet, das vergangene mythische Weltbild anzuerkennen. Wenn das unmöglich ist, so entsteht für sie die Frage, ob die Verkündigung des Neuen Testaments eine Wahrheit hat, die vom mythischen Weltbild unabhängig ist; und es wäre dann die Aufgabe der Theologie, die christliche Verkündigung zu entmythologisieren.
Kann die christliche Verkündigung dem Menschen heute zumuten, das mythische Weltbild als wahr anzuerkennen? Das ist sinnlos und unmöglich. Sinnlos; denn das mythische Weltbild ist als solches gar nichts spezifisch Christliches, sondern es ist einfach das Weltbild einer vergangenen Zeit, das noch nicht durch wissenschaftliches Denken geformt ist. Unmöglich; denn ein Weltbild kann man sich nicht durch einen [17] Entschluß aneignen, sondern es ist dem Menschen mit seiner geschichtlichen Situation je schon gegeben. Natürlich ist es nicht unveränderlich, und auch der Einzelne kann an seiner Umgestaltung arbeiten. Aber er kann es doch nur so, daß er auf Grund irgend welcher Tatsachen, die sich ihm als wirklich aufdrängen, der Unmöglichkeit des hergebrachten Weltbildes inne wird und auf Grund jener Tatsachen das Weltbild modifiziert oder ein neues entwirft. So kann sich das Weltbild ändern etwa infolge der kopernikanischen Entdeckung oder infolge der Atomtheorie; oder auch indem die Romantik entdeckt, daß das menschliche Subjekt komplizierter und reicher ist, als daß es durch die Weltanschauung der Aufklärung und des Idealismus verstanden werden könnte; oder dadurch, daß die Bedeutung von Geschichte und Volkstum neu zum Bewußtsein kommt.
2. The
Impossibility of Reproducing
the
Mythical Worldview
All of this is mythological talk , and the individual motifs can easily be traced back to the contemporary mythology of Jewish apocalypticism and the Gnostic redemption myth. Insofar as it is mythological talk, it is unbelievable for people today because for them the mythical world view is past. Today's Christian preaching is therefore faced with the question of whether, when it demands faith from people, it expects them to recognize the past mythical world view. If that is impossible, then the question arises whether the preaching of the New Testament has a truth that is independent of the mythical world view; and it would then be the task of theology to demythologize the Christian preaching.
Can the Christian message expect people today to accept the mythical world view as true ? That is senseless and impossible. Senseless , because the mythical world view is not specifically Christian as such, but is simply the world view of a past time that has not yet been formed by scientific thinking. Impossible , because a world view cannot be acquired through a [17] decision, but is always given to people in their historical situation. Of course it is not unchangeable, and the individual can also work on transforming it. But he can only do this by becoming aware of the impossibility of the traditional world view on the basis of some facts that force themselves upon him as real, and by modifying the world view or designing a new one on the basis of those facts. The world view can change, for example, as a result of the Copernican discovery or as a result of the atomic theory; or because Romanticism discovered that the human subject was more complex and richer than could be understood by the worldview of the Enlightenment and idealism; or because the importance of history and nationality came to new awareness.
Krankheiten und ihre Heilungen haben ihre natürlichen Ursachen und beruhen nicht auf dem Wirken von Dämonen bzw. auf deren Bannung[15]. Die Wunder des Neuen Testaments sind damit als Wunder erledigt, und wer ihre Historizität durch Rekurs auf Nervenstörungen, auf hypnotische Einflüsse, auf Suggestion und dergl. retten will, der bestätigt das nur. Und sofern wir im körperlichen und seelischen Geschehen mit rätselhaften, uns noch unbekannten Kräften rechnen, bemühen wir uns, sie wissenschaftlich greifbar zu machen. Auch der Okkultismus gibt sich als Wissenschaft.
Man kann nicht elektrisches Licht und Radioapparat benutzen, in Krankheitsfällen moderne medizinische und klinische Mittel in Anspruch nehmen und gleichzeitig an die Geister- und Wunderwelt des Neuen Testaments glauben[16]. Und wer meint, es für seine Person tun zu können, muß sich klar machen, daß er, wenn er das für die Haltung christlichen Glaubens erklärt, damit die christliche Verkündigung in der Gegenwart unverständlich und unmöglich macht.
Illnesses and their healings have their natural causes and are not based on the work of demons or their banishment [15] . The miracles of the New Testament are thus put to rest as miracles, and anyone who wants to save their historicity by recourse to nervous disorders, hypnotic influences, suggestion and the like only confirms this. And insofar as we reckon with mysterious, still unknown forces in physical and mental events, we endeavour to make them scientifically tangible. Occultism also presents itself as a science.
One cannot use electric light and radio, and make use of modern medical and clinical means in cases of illness, and at the same time believe in the spiritual and miraculous world of the New Testament . [16] And anyone who thinks he can do this for himself must realize that if he declares this to be the attitude of the Christian faith, he thereby makes the Christian proclamation incomprehensible and impossible in the present day.
... kann er auch die Lehre von der stellvertretenden Genugtuung durch den Tod Christi nicht verstehen. Wie kann meine Schuld durch den Tod eines Schuldlosen (wenn man von einem solchen überhaupt reden darf) gesühnt werden? Welche primitiven Begriffe von Schuld und Gerechtigkeit liegen solcher Vorstellung zugrunde? Welch primitiver Gottesbegriff? Soll die Anschauung vom sündentilgenden Tode Christi aus der Opfervorstellung verstanden werden: welch primitive Mythologie, daß ein Mensch geworden es Gotteswesen durch sein Blut die Sünden der Menschen sühnt! Oder aus der Rechtsanschauung, so daß also in dem Rechtshandel zwischen Gott und Mensch durch den Tod Christi den Forderungen Gottes Genugtuung geleistet wäre: dann könnte die Sünde ja nur juristisch als äußerliche Gebotsübertretung verstanden sein, und die ethischen Maßstäbe wären ausgeschaltet! Und zudem: war Christus, der den Tod litt, Gottes Sohn, das präexistente Gottwesen, was bedeutet dann für ihn die Übernahme des Sterbens? Wer weiß, daß er nach drei Tagen auferstehen wird, für den will offenbar das Sterben nicht viel besagen!
... he cannot understand the doctrine of vicarious satisfaction through the death of Christ . How can my guilt be atoned for by the death of an innocent person (if one can even speak of such a person)? What primitive concepts of guilt and justice underlie such an idea? What primitive concept of God? Should the view of the sin-removing death of Christ be understood from the concept of sacrifice: what primitive mythology, that a divine being who became human atones for the sins of mankind through his blood! Or from the legal view, so that in the legal transaction between God and man, God's demands are satisfied through Christ's death: then sin could only be understood legally as an external transgression of the commandments, and ethical standards would be eliminated! And furthermore: if Christ, who suffered death, was the Son of God, the pre-existent divine being, what does the acceptance of death mean for him? Anyone who knows that he will rise again after three days obviously does not find death to mean much to him!
John Macquarrie is the author of 'An Existentialist Theology: A Comparison of Heidegger and Bultmann. He's one of the translators into English of the German of Heidegger's 'Sein und Zeit,' 'Being and Time.' I think anyone committed to a very thorough study of 'Sein und Zeit,' (which I think wouldn't be a very worthwhile objective) ought first to learn enough German to read the book in German - 'enough German' here amounts to a very thorough knowledge of German.
The English translation claims that 'A knowledge of Heidegger's Sein und Zeit is essential for anyone who wishes to understand a great deal of recent continental work in theology as well as philosophy.
My view is that a thorough knowledge of recent (now not at all recent) Continental theology and philosophy wouldn't be worthwhile.
Matters are very different in the case of Bultmann. This is someone who deserves to be far better known, far more widely studied. John Robinson, the Bishop of Woolwich, discussed Bultmann's contributions in his 'Honest to God.' His book deserves to be more widely known too. It's not very probing or very profound and doesn't lend itself to anything as thorough as study.
This is from the preliminary remarks at the beginning of 'Sein und Zeit.'
... δῆλον γὰρ ὡς ὑμεῖς μὲν ταῦτα (τί ποτε βούλεσθε σημαίνειν ὁπόταν ὂν φθέγγησθε) πάλαι γιγνώσκετε, ἡμεῖς δὲ πρὸ τοῦ μὲν ᾠόμεθα, νῦν δ᾽ ἠπορήκαμεν...
»Denn offenbar seid ihr doch schon lange mit dem vertraut, was ihr eigentlich meint, wenn ihr den Ausdruck seiend gebraucht, wir jedoch glaubten es einst zwar zu verstehen, jetzt aber sind wir in Verlegenheit gekommen«1.
Haben wir heute eine Antwort auf die Frage nach dem, was wir mit dem Wort »seiend« eigentlich meinen? Keineswegs. Und so gilt es denn, die Frage nach dem Sinn von Sein erneut zu stellen. Sind wir denn heute auch nur in der Verlegenheit, den Ausdruck »Sein« nicht zu verstehen? Keineswegs. Und so gilt es denn vordem, allererst wieder ein Verständnis für den Sinn dieser Frage zu wecken. Die konkrete Ausarbeitung der Frage nach dem Sinn von »Sein« ist die Absicht der folgenden Abhandlung. Die Interpretation der Zeit als des möglichen Horizontes eines jeden Seinsverständnisses überhaupt ist ihr vorläufiges Ziel.
Das Absehen auf ein solches Ziel, die in solchem Vorhaben beschlossenen und von ihm geforderten Untersuchungen und der Weg zu diesem Ziel bedürfen einer einleitenden Erläuterung.
'For manifestly you have long been aware of what you mean when you use the expression "being". We, however, who used to think we understood it, have now become perplexed.
Do we in our time have an answer to the question of what we really mean by the word 'being'? Not at all. So it is fitting that we should raise anew the question of the meaning of Being. But are we nowadays even perplexed by our inability to understand the expression 'Being'? Not at all. So first of all we must reawaken our understanding for the meaning of this question. Our aim in the following treatise is to work out the question of the meaning of Being and to do so concretely. Our provisional aim is the Interpretation of time as the possible horizon for any understanding whatsoever of Being..
Pater: 'God the Father'
Filius: 'God the Son'
Spiritus Sanctus: 'Holy Spirit'
Est: 'is'
Non est: 'is not'
Strongly recommended: consulting the Wikipedia page,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_burned_as_heretics
even though the list is far from being a comprehensive one.
One of the cases listed is that of Pomponio Algerio, boiled alive in oil in the Piazza Novona in Rome in 1556. He had declared at his trial that 'This Church [The Roman Catholic Church] deviates in many things from truth.'
I refer in various pages of the site to the case of Edward Wightman, burned alive at Lichfield in 1612 but this section gives some additional information. Three weeks before Edward Wightman was burned alive in Lichfield, Bartholomew Legate was burned alive at Smithfield, London. Both of these men had no belief in the Trinity and both of them fell foul of King James, who was determined that they should be executed. .
When Edward Wightman was charged with heresy, he wrote a summary of his theological beliefs for his defence in the case which would soon begin. He sent a copy of the document to King James I, the King James of the King James translation of the Bible. He had come to the throne in 1603 and took very seriously indeed his title, 'Defender of the Faith.' He took very seriously the creeds of the Church, the Apostles,' the Nicene and the Athanasian. He took 'heresy,' which threatened his orthodox beliefs, very seriously too.
Edward Wightman referred to these creeds as 'three inventions' of man. A Commission was set up to examine the issues and the first item in the Summary of Charges was this claim by Edward Wightman: that 'there is no Trinity.'
The King certainly believed that Jesus Christ was his Saviour and qualified for redemption by the grotesque orthodox doctrines of redemption. So, the persecutor was saved and the man who didn't believe in the Trinity was damned. The King was not only an active persecutor of heretics but an active persecutor of alleged witches. He had women tortured and executed for the alleged crime of witchcraft.
All this is part of the 'Christian heritage,' the shameful legacy of Christian history which should be taken into account by self-proclaimed 'progressives' and 'liberals' in the Church of England and other churches. Of course, again and again they ignore all this. These progressives and liberals, like others, need to be challenged. The need to explain why they support some kind of doctrine of redemption by Jesus - and what kind of doctrine they do support, and if they don't support a doctrine of redemption, what are they playing at? Why belong to a church with a vast majority of believers in such things?
The next section is supplementary material on torture and execution of alleged witches, a separate matter from the doctrine of the Trinity, obviously.
Strongly recommended, the Wikipedia page, 'List of people executed for witchcraft,'
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_executed_for_witchcraft
One of the cases listed is the Pappenheimer Case. The page
https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/pappenheimer-family
gives a summary, but is far more than that. It does omit many of the horrific details of the tortures and executions.
'Show Trial. After twenty years of scraping by on the margins of legality without attracting much attention from government authorities, the Pappenheimers were arrested, having been denounced as “murderers of seven pregnant women” by a thief with whom Paulus may have quarreled. There was no evidence to support this accusation, but the Pappenheimers were clearly a family of vagrants, and the normal juridical procedure would have been to evict them from the territory after a fairly uncomfortable period in jail. Unfortunately for them, the accusation came at a moment when official and popular fear of witchcraft was reaching a peak, so instead of receiving the rough, but predictable, treatment of the vagabond, they became caught up in a show trial. The Pappenheimers, bewildered, were brought to Munich, accused of witchcraft and murder, and tortured until they confessed to unspeakable, and completely unsubstantiated, crimes. Their confessions led to the arrest of some of their friends and associates, who were also arrested, accused, and tortured until they confessed. At a public execution attended by thousands, Paulus was tortured with red-hot pincers, broken on the wheel, then impaled; Michel and Gumprecht also were broken on the wheel. [This punishment involved smashing the limbs and breaking the bones, by using a large wheel.] Since breaking on the wheel was proscribed for women, Anna simply had her breasts cut off. All four were then burned alive. Hansel, horrified, was required to watch it all before being executed by burning with other accused witches at a second public execution several months later.
The Wikipedia account of the case
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pappenheimer_witch_trial
gives more detailed information about the charges, which included a very large number of murders - including the murders of non-existent people - and alleged witchcraft causing gales and hailstorms, the poisoning of meadows and the affliction of cattle.
At the first execution, the condemned were brought to the place of execution by cart and 'the carts temporarily stopped by a cross by the Neuhaus gate where they were, according to custom, led in chains to say a prayer.' This was a Christian execution, after all. The father Paulus Gämperl was executed by impalement, a sharp stake being inserted into his anus and through his intestines
At the second execution, one of those executed, with five others was the ten year old who had witnessed the first execution. Hansel had been re-baptized and renamed Cyprian following the first execution.
'On 26 November 1600, the execution of the ten year old Hansel Gämperl and the five other condemned took place in Munich.'
Like the others, Hansel had been severely tortured in the period leading up to the execution.